Four skill

 Name of the paper: ELT

Roll no: 07

Topic: How to teach four skills [listening, speaking, reading, writing]

Prepared by: Dipti Vaghela

Submitted to: Department of English M.K.B. University

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~ Preface

        Language is one type of system which is created by man for communication. We can express our feelings, ideas through language.

What is the system of Language

Language as one type of skill.

        Language as skill rather than a subject because it is the matter of doing than knowing. A child learns language by acquiring the spoken word. Then he tries to reproduce the sound which he has heard. Then the ability to read and write is matter of literacy.

        We acquire language through four skills as under,

~ What is LSRW?

  (htt)

~ How to develop Listening skill?

        This skill is passive in nature, or ‘Receptive skill’. There are three main mechanics of listening skill as under,

1) How to seat?

2) How to listen?

3) How to answer the questions?

~ The techniques of developing listening skill.

∎ Presenting short stories, events, narration, passages, experiences, etc according to age and interest of the pupils.

∎ Using audio-visual aids for narration or description like T.V, radio, etc.

∎Teacher will try to arrange English speech including stress and intonation patterns.

∎ Teacher uttering pairs of words and pupils say whether they are same or different, e.g.

        Teacher:  ship/ ship

        Student: same

        Teacher: sheep/ ship

        Student: different

∎ Teacher speaks line with stress and intonation, e.g.

        Teacher: You have a rupee.

        Student: simple sentence

        Teacher: You have a rupee?

        Student: Question

∎ Teacher can give various commands and the pupils perform the activities, e.g.

-        Open the door.

-        Put your books on the table.

-        Close the window.

∎ Teacher sing a song which include simple words and then ask some questions to the students.

∎ Teacher can use different records and cassettes for such listening practice.

∎ Teacher can show some selected movies to the students and then ask some questions regarding the movie.

        Thus we can say that it is very useful skill as language learner. Then now let’s know about speaking skill.

~ How to develop Speaking skill?

        The speaking skill is active in nature or ‘Productive’. While developing speaking skill, the student will be able to as under,

1)           Use appropriate words and structures of the language.

2)           Use appropriate stress and intonation patterns in their speech.

3)           Recall words and structures quickly which they have heard and mastered while speaking.

4)           Organize their thoughts, ideas, feelings, experiences in order of logical sequence.

5)           Adjust and express the speech with proper pronunciation, speed, pitch, pause and modulation of voice.

~ The techniques of developing speaking skill.

∎ Teacher give the topics to students before some times and then the student speaks on that topic for more than five minutes.

∎ Teacher show some pictures to the students and students make some sentences about that picture as under,

⇨There are three penguins in this picture.

⇨They are playing together.

⇨Their colors are black and white.

∎The student can be asked to narrate certain public places in term of its functions and activities for ex, post office, bank, hospital, etc.

∎The student can be asked to share their ideas and experiences regarding some incidents.

∎Teacher can arranges the elocution competition, discussion, dialogues, etc.

∎Teacher give demo to recite some poetry and then students imitate their teacher.

    Thus any teacher can develop the speaking skill in their students through these techniques. So now let’s understand reading skill.

~ How to develop Reading skill?

    The reading skill is passive in nature and receptive also. This skill is also regarded as ‘Graphic Motors skill’. There are some mechanics of reading skill as under,

1)           Reading a paragraph or a passage with proper pronunciation, stress, pitch, intonation and normal speed.

2)           Reading a passage or lesson with proper punctuation marks, gestures and modulation of voice.

3)           Understand the meaning of the words, phrases and sentences of the passage of lesson.

4)           Will comprehend the meaning of difficult words from the context.

5)           Will read silently without moving the lips in the case of silent reading.

6)           Will make a summary of the important points of the passage.

~ Techniques of developing Reading skill.

∎Providing opportunities of reading textual words, sentences, paragraph with utterances of sounds, punctuation marks, intonation, stress, articulation, etc.

∎Suggest unseen passages.

∎Prepared flash-cards containing isolated words, sentences and paragraphs.

∎Teacher can use some paragraphs from the book and asking the pupils to read them.

∎Teacher will provide practice in oral reading selecting suitable paragraphs and passages.

∎Teacher will provide practice in silent reading.

∎Teacher suggest the pupils for extra reading which through they can increase their vocabulary.

∎Teacher will provide some selected poems and tell them to recite it.

∎Try to arrange some competitions related with reading skill.

    Thus, we can say that this skill is very important to learn any language. Now let’s understand writing skill and how to develop in students?

~ How to develop writing skill?

    Writing skill is productive and active in nature. There are some mechanics of the writing skill as under,

1)           First asking the pupils to make the scratches or strokes of equal size,

/ / / /        / / / /    / / / /    / / / /    / / / /

2)           Asking to the pupils to draw the following two sets for example,

X X X X X X X                     V V V V V

3)           Then asking to the pupils to following sets of letters for example,

    ⇨ V V V V V              W W W W W

    ⇨ V V V V V              Y Y Y Y Y

    ⇨ I I I I I                    J J J J J

    ⇨= = = = =            Z Z Z Z Z

4)           Then asking them to write or copy for example,

    ⇨ I I I I I                    I I I I I

    ⇨ T T T T T              T T T T T

    ⇨ O O O O O            O O O O O

    ⇨ U U U U U            U U U U U

5)           After giving those letters give the following of letters,

       ⇨R R R       R R R      R R R

       ⇨S S S         S S S        S S S

       ⇨G G G       G G G      G G G

6)           Next step is to teach them the  writing of small letters for example,

      ⇨ a k n m v

      ⇨ e f h i l t

7)           Next step is tell them to write simple words for example,

     ⇨cow

     ⇨now

     ⇨good

     ⇨word

   ⇨ok

   ⇨better

8)           Then last one is tell them to write sentences for example,

   ⇨I am girl.

   ⇨Give me your pen.

   ⇨Sima write a letter.

   ⇨Rani is singing a song.

   ⇨Raju is going.

~ The techniques of developing writing skill.

∎ Provide practice in drawing scratches, strokes of equal size by using systematic copy-book.

∎ Teacher will provide cards or hand written models for such practice.

∎ Teacher will provide writing practice can be provided in groups and individually.

∎ Teacher provide the demo of good hand writing to his/her students.

∎Teacher give some topics and tell them to write on those topics.

∎ Teacher arrange some competition related with writing skill.

∎ Teacher provide right path to his/her students to develop their writing skill.

∎ Teacher show some book of his/her students who has good hand writing.

        Thus, these all techniques are very useful to teach writing skill in easy way.

~ Sum up

        These four skills are very important in language teaching. And for students methods and techniques are very important. Here in this assignment I focus on the topic ‘How to teach LSRW? So here I describe various techniques of teaching various skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing).

        If language teacher use these techniques while teaching LSRW, so students can easily get it. Thus, if we want to communicate with each other so these skills are helpful and we must have to learn it.

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(English language Teaching)

Works Cited

English language Teaching. Ahmedabad: Shah S B, 1996-97.

<http://literarycriticismjohn.blogspot.in/2013/12/00478-what-is-lsrw-communication-skills.html>.

Deep meaning in nothingness in the play ‘Waiting for Godot’

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Prepared by :  Dipti Vaghela

Paper:  Modernist literature

Roll no: 07

Email id : diptivaghela50@gmail.com

Enrollment no : PG-14101030

Submitted to : Smt. S.B. Gardi Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

Bhavnagar University

Introduction:

        In modern age there is some different literature like absurd literature. We can see nothing in this type of literature. Samuel Beckett is one of the famous modernist writers. He had born on 13^th April, 1906 in Dublin. His pen name was Andrew Belis. He was novelist, playwright, poet, theatre director, essayist, etc. He is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20^th century. He wrote black tragicomic outlook on human existence. He is considering one of the last modernist writers, and one of the k       ey figures in what Martine Esslin called the “Theatre of Absurd”. He was members of Anglican Church of Ireland.

        There are some notable works of Samuel Buckett as under,

-        Murphy

-        Molloy

-        Malone Dies

-        The Unnamable

-        Waiting for Godot, etc.( Wikipedia)

So, these are some his important works by Beckett. Now let’s know that nothingness in the play.

 No interesting story:

        In this play we can see that nothing like story as Hamlet and in other works. But in this play we can’t fine such a interesting story. It is just time pass done by main two characters nothing else. We can’t found any significant event or story.

~ Limited characters:

        In this play there are only six characters, and among those all main two characters. Astragon and Vladmir, these two characters are in the centre and they doing many worthless things during the play.

~ No beginning, no end:

        In this play there are two acts. It begins with those two characters that are doing nothing. And as same it ends with those two characters. If we put those two acts with replacing each other yet also it doesn’t make any difference. So we can say that in this play there is no beginning, no end.

~ Nothing in this play:

        If we look at it on surface level so we can’t find anything. Both main characters (Estragon, Vladimir) are doing nothing throughout the play. They are just playing with hat and boot or sometime they speak worthless dialogues. And because of these all things we can say that nothing is in the play. They are just time pass.

~ Deep meaning in nothingness:

        In surface level we can’t find any meaning but if we minutely observe this play so we can see deep meaning in nothingness. This play reflects the reality of our human life. Because in our life we are doing same thing as like, Estragon and Vladimir. In the play they are waiting for Godot while in our human life we are waiting for death. And while waiting we are doing something as same those two characters. They are passing their time with hat and boot and some time with each-other. As same we are doing like that throughout our life until death will come.

        In the play they are speaking some dialogue as under,

Vladimir: One out of four. Of the other three, two don’t mention any thieves at all and the third says that both of them abused him.

Estragon: Who?

Vladimir: What?

Estragon: What’s all this about? Absurd who?

Vladimir: The Saviour.

Estragon: Why?

Vladimir: Because he wouldn’t save them.

Estragon: From hell?

Vladimir: Imbecile! From death.

Estragon: I thought you said hell.

Vladimir: From death, from d

In this dialogue we can see that how language used by these two characters. In this dialogue we found nothing. There is no clear meaning of this dialogue and yet from this type of dialogue we get deep meaning. It reflects the reality of our life; in our life also we can see that we are doing same dialogue or things in our life. There is another dialogue as under,

Estragon: Let’s hang ourselves immediately!

Vladimir: From a bough? (They go towards the tree.) I wouldn’t trust it.

Estragon: We can always try.

Vladimir: Go Ahead.

Estragon: After you.

Vladimir: No no, you first.

Estragon: Why me?

Vladimir: You're lighter than I am.

        In this dialogue they are speaking about to hang their selves but in real they can’t do it. They are just speaking and as same in our life also we are doing same thing. We are just speaking and doing nothing. There is another dialogue which reflects something.

Estragon: The tree?

Vladimir: Do you not remember?

Estragon: I’m tired.

Vladimir: Look at it. They look at the tree.

Estragon: I see nothing.

Vladimir: But yesterday evening it was all black and bare. And now it’s covered with leaves.

Estragon: Leaves?

Vladimir: In a single night.

Estragon: It must be the Spring.

        In this dialogue we can see that they are speaking about tree and leaves of tree that how suddenly it comes out on the tree. And as same in this dialogue throughout the play they are doing same thing nothing else. And as same in our life also we are doing same. Every day we wake up eating and sleeping, nothing else. Yester day, today, tomorrow we are doing just same thing nothing else.

~ Conclusion:

        So, after all we can say that there is deep meaning in the play. It reflects great philosophy of our life. Or we can say that the reality of our life. In our life we are doing same things. We are waiting for death and we are just time pass with those worthless things. And after all we meet to death nothing else. So in this play we can see our self, and after reading this play we look at inside and think that we are also doing the same things throughout our life. And it is the reality of our life. 

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Works Cited

Wikipedia contributors. "Waiting for Godot." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 Oct. 2015. Web. 31 Oct. 201

Feminism in Home burial with the example of the movie Talash

Topic: Feminism in Home burial with example of the movie ‘Talash’

Name of the paper: American Literature

Roll no: 07

Prepared by: Dipti Vaghela

Submitted to: Department

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~ Introduction of Robert Frost

        He was born on 26^th march, 1874. He was poet and playwright. He was an American poet. He wrote many poems as under,

        ~ Stopping by woods

        ~ Design

        ~ The Gift outright

        ~ Mending Wall

        ~ Fire and Ice

        ~ The Home burial, etc.

        Thus these are some poems which written by Frost. So let’s know in detail about the poem ‘Home burial’.

~ Introduction of the poem ‘Home burial’

        In this poem, poet use free dialogue rather than rhyming scheme. He describe the dialogue between rural husband and wife whose child has recently died. We can find three tragedies in this poem as under,

 

        Somebody think that it is a poem about the love of mother to her child. A mother gives a child and takes with great care of it; but unfortunately after some days he dies. So the lady has lost her all hopes. Gradually she become very excited and sorrowful but her husband is very normal. He buries his child and does all activities very easily. He does not face any problem. According to him it the Natural and we have to accept it. So he is easy and normal but his wife can’t agree with him. And then crises come out in their relations. She can’t endure these things and so she takes preparation to leave home. But her husband tries his best to stop her departure. At last the wife leaves the house.

~ What is Feminism?

In feminism we found that women should have economic, political and social equality with men. Term feminism is refers to political movement and right to vote for woman. We found that not only woman but anyone can be feminists like men and women, girl and boy. This term also can be called as a feminist movement. This movement and feminists are demand men and women all are equal without any kind of boundary. Feminists appeal for equality and freedom for women. The feminist critic wants to explain gape the gender gap, men are superior to women. We found huge gender gap among man and woman. This movement is known women’s liberation movement, and woman’s right to vote.

The first feminist book was ‘A vindication of the right of women’ by Mary Wollstonecraft. The term feminism is adopted world widely and socially also. Feminism is “The theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. And another one is organized activity on behalf of women’s rights and interest. This term was first used in 1895.” (According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary) At some point feminism have not any ‘fundamental definition’, it is in very wilder sense. It draws attention to women’s issues in men mad society. In short reading of any kind of book with perspective of women is known as feministic reading of the book. (feminism in to the light house)

Now let’s we apply it in the poem ‘Home burial’

~ Feminism in the poem ‘Home burial’

        In this poem we can see the crises between husband and wife. And in between those dialogues we can see that how woman suppressed. Where is the house of woman? This point raise in this poem. Because of that quarrel why only wife leave that house why not man?  So we can say this point reflect here in this poem. First her husband tries to convince her by emotions but when he failed at that time he force to his wife. As under some lines from the poem,

‘If-you-do!’ She was opening the door

        Wider.

‘Where do you mean to go? First tell me

        That.

I’ll follow and bring you back by force. I

        Will-’ (Home Burial by Robert Frost: The poetry foundation)

 

So, from these last lines we can say that it is open ended poem. We can’t say that she leave her home. Because it is not mentioned here so we can’t say anything. We just imagine that perhaps this will happened, may be not sure. So we can say that we can find some feministic elements in this poem. Now let’s understand some other examples from society and movie.

~ Examples from movies

        This type of crises we can find in the movie ‘Talash’ as under,

        In this movie we can find this type of crises happened between husband and wife. And they fight because of the death of their child. But different is that in the poem we can see open ended. While in the movie end is different than the poem. In the end of the movie couple live happily while in the poem it is not mentioned. So we can say that the end of the both is different but crises are same in both (movie and poem).

~ Conclusion:

        Thus after all I want to say that the condition of woman remain same in our society. Whether it is in society, movie or poem. Everywhere we can see this type of suffering by women in the mail domain society. But point is that why woman accept it because it is like conditioning of mind which happened by birth in the mind of girl child. If we want to stop it so starting from self rather than any other person. So if first we accept it then we can say to other. There is one quote given by Nana bhai Bhatt as under,

        ‘Apane nay apanu kam bole’

It means work speaks lauder than words. So we have to practicle it.

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Works Cited

feminism in to the light house. 31 December 1969. 2015 <http:/www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/18497.html>.

Home Burial by Robert Frost: The poetry foundation. n.d. <http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/238120>.

t. n.d.