The form of Novel

 

novel, an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. 

Dramatic Monologue

 Definition 

Dramatic monologue refers to a type of poetry. These poems are dramatic in the sense that they have a theatrical quality; that is, the poem is meant to be read to an audience. To say that the poem is a monologue means that these are the words of one solitary speaker with no dialogue coming from any other characters.

The form of an Ode

 Definition of an ode:

A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552–442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories.

Later, this poetic form was favored among English romantic poets, who used odes to express emotions using rich, descriptive language. Today, we use the term “ode” to describe any outpouring of praise, and modern ode poems have evolved to include various styles and forms.

What Is the Structure of an Ode Poem?

An ode poem is traditionally divided into three sections, or stanzas:

1. 1. The strophe. In a Greek ode, the strophe usually consists of two or more lines repeated as a unit. In modern usage, the term strophe can refer to any group of verses that form a distinct unit within a poem.
2. 2. The antistrophe. The second section of an ode is structured the same way as the strophe, but typically offers a thematic counterbalance.
3. 3. The epode. This section or stanza typically has a distinct meter and length from the strophe and antistrophe, and serves to summarize or conclude the ideas of the ode.

The English Romantic poets wrote many odes, all of which explored intense emotions. While Romantic odes deviate in form and meter from the traditional Greek ode, they all tend to follow some kind of traditional verse structure.

What Are the Different Types of Ode Poems?

There are three main types of odes:

• 1. Pindaric ode. Pindaric odes are named for the ancient Greek poet Pindar, who lived during the 5th century BC and is often credited with creating the ode poetic form. A Pindaric ode consists of a strophe, an antistrophe that is melodically harmonious, and an epode. Pindaric poems are also characterized by irregular line lengths and rhyme schemes.
• 2. Horatian ode. Named after Roman poet Horace, who lived during the 1st century, the Horatian ode consists of two- or four-line stanzas that share the same meter, rhyme scheme, and length. Unlike the more formal Pindaric ode, the Horatian ode traditionally explores intimate scenes of daily life.
• 3. Irregular ode. Irregular odes follow neither the Pindaric form nor the Horatian form. Irregular odes typically include rhyme, as well as irregular verse structure and stanza patterns.

Famous Examples of Odes

Here are famous examples of each of the three types of ode poems.

Pindaric Ode

Pindar’s odes were delivered to boys and young men who triumphed in the Greek Classical games, and were performed with song and dance. A Greek chorus would move to one side of the stage to deliver the strophe, shift to the other side of the stage for the antistrophe, then deliver the epode from center stage. Pindaric odes experienced a revival in the 1550s in France, and derive from poetic imitations of Pindar’s style.

For a classic example of a Pindaric ode, consider the first three stanzas of “Ode on Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood” by William Wordsworth:

There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,
The earth, and every common sight,
To me did seem
Apparelled in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream.
It is not now as it hath been of yore;—
Turn wheresoe'er I may,
By night or day.
The things which I have seen I now can see no more.

The Rainbow comes and goes,
And lovely is the Rose,
The Moon doth with delight
Look round her when the heavens are bare,
Waters on a starry night
Are beautiful and fair;
The sunshine is a glorious birth;
But yet I know, where'er I go,
That there hath past away a glory from the earth.

Now, while the birds thus sing a joyous song,
And while the young lambs bound
As to the tabor's sound,
To me alone there came a thought of grief:
A timely utterance gave that thought relief,
And I again am strong:
The cataracts blow their trumpets from the steep;
No more shall grief of mine the season wrong;
I hear the Echoes through the mountains throng,
The Winds come to me from the fields of sleep,
And all the earth is gay;
Land and sea
Give themselves up to jollity,
And with the heart of May
Doth every Beast keep holiday;—
Thou Child of Joy,
Shout round me, let me hear thy shouts, thou happy Shepherd-boy.

Horatian Ode

Horace broke away from the strict structure of the Pindaric ode and focused on more personal, informal topics. Horatian odes were revived during the Renaissance, but were not meant for public performances: they are more often intimate reflections on friendship, love, and poetry itself.

One of the most famous masters of the Horatian ode was John Keats. Another English romantic poet, Keats wrote odes that feature beautiful, lush imagery, and a deep exploration of the poet’s own emotions. Keats odes that are much studied and loved today include “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” “To Autumn,” and “Ode to a Nightingale,” the first stanza of which you’ll find below:

My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness,
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green, and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.

Irregular Ode

Also known as the Cowleyan ode, after English poet Abraham Cowley, the irregular ode relaxes the structure of the ode poem even further. American poet Allen Tate’s “Ode to the Confederate Dead,” written in 1928, is an example of an irregular ode. Here is an excerpt:

Row after row with strict impunity
The headstones yield their names to the element,
The wind whirrs without recollection;
In the riven troughs the splayed leaves

Pile up, of nature the casual sacrament
To the seasonal eternity of death;
Then driven by the fierce scrutiny
Of heaven to their election in the vast breath,
They sough the rumour of mortality.

Essay Writing

 

Definition of an Essay

an essay is a piece of argumentative writing several paragraphs long written about one topic, usually based on your reading.

How to write an essay

Task of Writing an essay

Topics are given here,

1) Eco- friendly life style of Lokbharati

2) Agricultural issues of your own village

3) Life of my mother

Instructions

1) Minimum write down 15 to 20 lines.

2) Choose any one topic from above.

3) Write down in short and simple sentences.

4) Write down first Introduction and in the last conclusion.

5) After conclusion write down references.  

History of England literature

HISTORY FROM THE BEGINNING 

In the starting Tribes were living in Britain, they known as Celts. Then Romans came there and at that time Picts were attacking on England at that time Roman people saved them but letter on Romans had to go Rome because others were attacking on Rome.

    Now Celts were unable to save them so they got help from Angles, Saxons and Jute. Then Angles and Saxons settled there and they were speaking old English which was similar to German language. And from the names of Angles, Britain became Angles' land  means England. Then Angles thrown Celts from England. There were oral literature in that time. There were two famous long poems, Widsith and Beowulf. We found some translation of Bible from that time. There were two famous poets also like Caedmon and Cynewulf.

        In 1066 AD, William 1st came England with 7000 warriors and at that time Harold 2nd was king in England and between their fight Harold died and with him Angles time finished. William 1st who also known as William Concord became king and the time of Normans started and their language similar to French language and so king denied to taught them old English. 

Works of Old English period

1) Widsith : earliest poem, 144 lines, said about the group of people who go here and there and they rewarded for their singing.

2) Seafarer : two parts, in first shown the hardship of ocean life while in second part the troubles of the seaman and it shown the troubles of human life symbolic. 

3) Beowulf : longest poem of old English period, heroic poem, setting was in Denmark, Swidon, there was a King Hrothgar made heorot (madhushala) for enjoyment but in few days Grendel (monster) came there and killed the people and that was continuing till 12 years and then one warrior named Beowulf came there and decided to fight with that Grendel and in the fighting Beowulf departed his hands. It was known that Beowulf had the strength of 30 person. Then Grendel's mother came to take revenge but somehow he killed her. Then he went to Kiya where his uncle Hygelac and Hygd welcomed him. Then swids killed Hygelac so Beowulf helped his son to be king but he was so young so Beowulf reign there for 50 years then he became too old, one day one dragon made fire out of anger in the room of Beowulf so he was too old but yet he fight with that dragon and at that time 10 warriors were with him but they left him there and yet with the help of Wiglaf he killed Dragon, then he died and Wiglaf reign on that place. He buried Beowulf as he said to Wiglaf while dying. 

An Elegy

 

Definition of Elegy:

An elegy is a special kind of lyrics. A lyric expresses the emotions of the poet, and the elegy is an expression of the emotion of sorrow, woe, or despair. In short, the elegy is a lament, a lyric of mourning or an utterance of personal bereavement and sorrow.

The word elegy originated from the Greek word ‘elegeia’, which means to lament or to be sorrowful.

Characteristics of Elegy:

# It begins with a lament of loss of life of a person or loss of a thing.

# It is an expression of the emotion of sorrow, woe, or despair.

# The sorrow is followed by the poet’s admiration for the person or thing l t.

# Simplicity, brevity and sincerity are its distinguishing features.

# The language and structure of an elegy is formal and ceremonial.

# Along with the expression of personal grief, there also runs theology and philosophy, as the poet constantly reflects on the problems of human life and human destiny.

Examples:

Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a country Churchyard is one of the most popular elegies in English language.

Matthew Arnold’s Rugby Chapel is the poet’s direct expression of grief on the death of his father.

Tennyson’s In Memoriam is a unique elegy in English language. It is a collection of over a hundred poignant lyrics, united into a single whole by the poet’s lament at the death of his college friend, Arthur Hallam.  For example like Break, break, break.     

 

 

 

Short films

 Short Films 

Pre task 

1) What is the short film about? 

2) How many characters are there?

3) What did you learn from the film?

4) What is the summary of the film?

5) Which character attracts you more?

Email Writing

 

Electronic mail is a method of exchanging messages ("mail") between people using electronic devices.

If you’ve ever sent an email, you’ve come across two fields right next to the “To” field: CC and BCC. Simply put, CC and BCC are two ways you can include more people as recipients in an email.

In email sending, CC is the abbreviation for “carbon copy.” Back in the days before internet and email, in order to create a copy of the letter you were writing, you had to place carbon paper between the one you were writing on and the paper that was going to be your copy.

Just like the physical carbon copy above, CC is an easy way to send copies of an email to other people.

BCC stands for “blind carbon copy.” Just like CC, BCC is a way of sending copies of an email to other people. The difference between the two is that, while you can see a list of recipients when CC is used, that’s not the case with BCC. It’s called blind carbon copy because the other recipients won’t be able to see that someone else has been sent a copy of the email.

Some of the advantages are given below:

• The main advantage we could think of email is that it is paperless. The documents of instructions and status updates can be sent through the mail rather than typing it in papers and distributing the same. This makes the work easy with less clutter and environment friendly.
• When there is a history of emails to be referred for a particular document, we can add a reference to the email and the process can be made simple rather than going through the entire mail chain. Alerts can be set for emails, and it can be scheduled to send the emails on time so that the recipients receive the mails at the intended time.
• Photos or any documents can be shared easily to various people through a single mail, and it is received sooner by them. Also, as cloud storage, this can be saved permanently in the mailbox. Any details, including the time and the list of recipients who received the messages, can be saved and sorted if needed using emails.
• The users can set automated replies for the emails they receive, and this helps to save time.

Post task

Write down a mail to me about the permission for two days leave. 

Mail id: diptivaghela100@gmail.com.

Task of the short story 'The Last Leaf'

 Short Story

Link of the Short story The last Leaf 

Click here to see the story 

Post task

Dear students

Here, I am sharing the post task of the story which we learnt in the today's lecture. I am sharing few questions regarding the story you have to answers those questions give below.

Questions:

1) Write down the importance of an artist in your words within a paragraph.

2) List out any three things which you learnt from the story.

3) What is the importance of positive thinking in our life? Try to connect it with the story.

4) What is the contribution of Behrman in the life of Johnsy?

The Form of an Epic

What is an Epic?

Definition: a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero the Iliad and the Odyssey are epics. 

 

 

Characteristics of an epic

Example of an epic 

Pre-task

1) Who is Beowulf?

 2) What is the story of Beowulf?

 

Paradise Lost by John Milton

The form of Ballad

 What is ballad?

Origin and history:  Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally "dance songs". 

Definition: 'A simple, spirited poem in short stanzas, narrating some popular story.'  (Oxford Dictionary) 

Characteristics of ballad: 

 

1) It is narrative poem: it tells a story: It is narrative kind of poetry in which we can able to find out the different story about different subjects like 'Hugh of Lincoln', 'Edom o' Gordon, etc. 

2) It has some certain subjects which appear over and over again: The most popular subjects are those old favourites, sex and violence, supernatural ghosts, magic, witchcraft, superstition, the real historical character, etc. 

3) It is very simple poem in short stanzas: This kind of poetry is very simple which written in some short stanzas and the words are also very simple. 

4) It is sing-able: It is an important one that person can sing it well. In the old time there were no written ballad but it was passing from person to person by word of mouth. One can enjoy it by singing. 

5) It has charm of natural simplicity: It is very simple poem and that simplicity gives us charm. It is very natural kind of poems. 

6) Universal appeal: Every single ballad touches upon a specific subjects, which bears universal significance. It's not simply restricted to his personality or his country, rather; it deals with the whole humanity. John Keats's ballad 'La Belle Dame sans Merci' convinces the readers that most of the women are perfidious and double-crossing. 

7) No Extra Details: There are no extra details about the surroundings, atmosphere or environment. The poems starts suddenly and the reader has to visualise the setting himself through the word of the poet. Thus ballads lack in superfluous details.