Task for Semester 1 students (MRS)

Before some days, there was an Orientation  programme. The handling of programme done by MRS SEM-3 students. There are some photographs as under,

You have to give the answers of these many questions as under,

1) What have you learnt from this programme? 
2) Write five sentences about this programme.
3) Which activity do you most like? 


Thus, you have to answer these many questions. Deadline of your task is 30th August 2017 till night. You have to give your comments under this blog...

Yesterday on the celebration of Rakshabandhan our MRS students presented a wonderful Street Play. Some photos of that play are as under,

This play is about the current affairs going on our society such as corruption, poverty, gender discrimination, lack of humanity, etc. From this play we have to give message of 'Togetherness'. We have to solve these problems because these are our problems. So, congratulations to all MRS semester 3 students. Well done.  

Wonderful clip

 A wonderful video clip created by Bhutan. It is about the carbon neutral. They tried to focus on happiness of the people than other. In the country of Bhutan, they are celebrating their food and festivals and education as well as medicines are free of coast. They are thinking about atmosphere and it is our basic needs. Pollution harms to us and the solution of that thing is the plan of Bhutan.

 Here is a link of that video clip,

This country isn't just carbon neutral — it's carbon negative | Tshering Tobgay

This country isn't just carbon neutral — it's carbon negative | Tsh... Deep in the Himalayas, on the border between China and India, lies the Kingdom of Bhutan, which has pledged to r...

Scholar's Life

 Scholar's Life

Introduction

First of all if we ask a question that what is scholar? Answer is that ' A learned or erudite person especially one who has profound a knowledge of a particular subject'. Scholar masterly gets some knowledge of his subject of choice. Literary means connected with writing study or appreciation of literature. So, literary scholar means a scholar one who study or get knowledge of literature. The behavior of scholar, language of scholar, thoughts of scholar, everything is different than other, so let’s know more details about the life of scholar. 

Scholar’s Life

 Literary scholar never stops being a scholar. Today most of them earn their living as members of teaching faculties in colleges and universities throughout the world. Their responsibility is quite remote from the pursuit of knowledge. They have to do many other works being as teacher, administrators, academic committee members, etc. Not only these but they have to do their private role as spouses, parents, family, social works, etc. In the busy schedule the literary awareness of the literary scholar keeps twenty-four- hour days. It means their ideas and thoughts are going on related with their work. They have to do multitasking all the time whether in school, university or at home. So, as a literary scholar they have to be alert whole days.  It is now almost a century since literary study began to be professionalized. For scholars there is no good environment in which they study only as scholar.

 According to Wayne Booth, for instance, The Scholar regretted the proliferation of dissertation topics that concentrate on the formal aspects of literary texts "isolated from the influences of ethics, politics, history, logic, dialectic, and even grammar." The scope of English studies now also includes writing theory and pedagogy. At the same time meaning of the word 'meaning' have been drastically redefined. It is eternally slippery word.  Now a days, scholarly activity become for gathering figures rather than knowledge. The scores of conferences are just remaining; only quantity is lying, lost of quality. The study of literature remains at base an intensely private pursuit. No one read papers before an audience to see his or her original ideas on a literary topic printed in a learned journal. Right Intentions of conferences are to love of books and a consuming interest in the intellectual and esthetic questions from different backgrounds and tastes. In scholarship there is no prejudice born of national origin, creed, color or social class. They always live in truest democracy of all, the democracy of the intellect. Scholars are working together for the benefit of society, not for private aggrandizement. Scholar always think in different ways as compare to common man, always think about the better society while common man think about his personal profits. So, from these many ways scholar is very different than others.

Two Principles of Scholar’s Life

1) Let others know what you are working on. Don't worry about boring them; if you are genuinely excited, your excitement is bound to be contagious. True scholar always opens up his works or his ideas that what he think and how he think. He never hides his literary works rather than he presents it. In this technology era, scholar shares his works through digital tools and because of that more people can read it on easier way. This is one of the great benefits of this techno-era. And as a scholar, he must have to use it.

2) Keep up with what other people are doing, not only in your own field but in others as well. As a scholar, he must have to be aware of his time and society. He must have to be closer observer, so he comes to know or understand that what is going on in and around us. As a literary scholar, he must have to know everything related with literature but only that much is not enough. He has to observers every field, what's going there. So, these two principles are very important to being a scholar.

Other things related to scholar’s Life

Scholars are sustained by desirability of fair play, self- respect, and professional morale. Sometimes scholars are discouraged and may share the belief, so prevalent in the word outside, that our achievements have an unreal quality, or if they are real, at least they are futile: that they add nothing to the sum of human wisdom or happiness. Yet if scholars are unappreciated and undervalued, the fault is partly theirs. They gladly learn, but outside the classroom many of them are curiously uninterested in teaching. Many modern critics and scholars have developed the habit of talking only to each other, neglecting the broader audience of educated people. It is scholar’s responsibility to seize every opportunity to communicate with the lay audience, as in book reviews or in articles and essays in the popular press on history, biography and Culture. To educate students at all levels to read, write, and think, developing in them the intellectual curious habit of mind that casts a disinterested eye over all important issues, appreciating their complexities; and to lead students by extensive reading and critical analysis of recognized writers and thinkers, ancient and contemporary, inside and outside the mainstream, to seek, in Matthew Arnold's words, "The best that is known and thought in the world". And the purpose of creating in their own lives a 'current of new and fresh ideas' appropriate in this current time. And current time is related with technology so scholars and students of literature also have to use these current tools of technology, to walk with time. And because of that people understand and appreciate the works of scholars, use of those works in betterment of society. (Altick)

Conclusion

Thus, to be a scholar is not an easy task, and the life of scholar is much busier than others. They have to always be ready to do many works with at a time. And for that the skill of multitasking is very important to acquire as scholar. Because they have to do many works at a time and their minds are always alert. Any common man can’t be scholar; it is an intellectual activity which requires sound knowledge as well as understanding.

“They're so cold, these scholars!

May lightning strike their food

So, that their mouths learn how

To eat fire! "

-Friedrich Nietzsche

Bibliography

Altick, Richard, Fenstermaker. The Art of Literary Research. n.d.

Theory of Sphota

 Theory of Sphota

Introduction

          Theory of Sphota is the contribution of Bhartrhari to linguistics. In this assignment we will see the meaning of spota and what is the concept of this theory.

What is Sphota?

          Words have two faces: the external face looks at the sounds (dhvani), while the internal face looks at the meaning (artha). The underlying cause of the articulated sounds (sabdanam nimittam) is the sound- pattern which underlies instances of the utterance of the word; this abstract sound- pattern with the time- sequence still attached to it is called ‘Prakrta- dhvani’ and is the external aspect of the language. The internal aspect, which is directly attached to the meaning, is the sphota. It is kind of mental perception which is described as a moment of recognition, an instantaneous flash (pratibha), whereby the hearer is made conscious, through hearing sounds, of the latent meaning unit already presents in his consciousness. In short meaning is lying in whole sentence rather than in words and meaning is already lying in the mind of reader. So, this is the basic concept of sphota.

Origin of the ‘sphota’:

Sanskrit sphota is etymologically derived from the root sphuṭ 'to burst'. It is used in its technical linguistic sense by Patañjali (2nd century BCE), in reference to the "bursting forth" of meaning or idea on the mind as language is uttered. Patañjali's  sphoṭa is the invariant quality of speech. The acoustic element (dhvani) can be long or short, loud or soft, but the sphoṭa remains unaffected by individual speaker differences.

 Development of the ‘Theory of Sphota’

          He emphasizes that a word has a double power; it can convey an idea of the form of an expression as well as its content. Meaning is like water, if we put it in glass then it shapes like that and if we put it in another thing then it shapes like that thing. As same, meaning is also changing with its context. The grammarian too accepts that words will have to be taken as referring to themselves until the relation between the word and the meaning is known. According to Patanjali, when we do not hear a word properly, we ask, ‘What did you say?’, thereby indicating that we have not understood the form of the word.

          Bhartrhari analyzed three aspects of the language situation as under,

          So, let’s know these three terms one by one,

1)   Vaikrta –dhvani (Vaikhari): It means the actual sound spoken by the speaker and heard by the listener. It includes all the various differences in intonation, tempo, pitch, etc. This is depending on individual speaker. It is not capable to express the meaning of an utterance. It is only express ‘madhyama’ form of speech which conveys the meaning. In short it is only the sound which is listen by our ears for example if we don’t know the English language, and anybody said something to us in English at that time we listen the sound spoken by the person but meaning is not conveyed to us.

2)   Prakrta- dhvani (Madhyama): It is the phonological structure, the sound pattern of the norm. It considered as acoustic image of the normal expression, or the expression in the mind, keeping the time-order with it. Sometimes it may happen that without use of vaikrta the meaning is bearing spota by the help of prakrta, when somebody is reading silently.

3)   Sphota (Pasyanti): It is the integral linguistic symbol, which is the unit of meaning. We cannot be pronounced or written. This is manifested by the prakrta- dhvani.

Thus, the vaikhari sounds indicates the madhyama and the madhyama sound expresses sphota. So, after all these three are inter-related with each other. The meaning conveyed through these three processes. And it happens one by one, so we understand the meaning of word through these many things.

Understanding of Sphota in detail

         

How realities of India reflect in the novel ‘White Tiger’

Topic: How realities of India reflect in the novel ‘White Tiger’

Name of the paper: New literature

Roll no: 07

Prepared by: Dipti Vaghela

Dedicated to: Department of English M.K.B. University

To evaluate click here.

Introduction:

As a part of the paper ‘New Literature’ we have to make assignment on our favorite topic. So, I have answered these many questions in my assignment.

-        What is the novel ‘White Tiger’?

-        What are the realities of India?

-        Are realities of India reflects in the novel ‘White Tiger’?

-        How can we conclude the topic?

What is the novel ‘White Tiger’?

It is written by Arvind Adiga in 2008. The main Protagonist of the novel is Balram Halavai. He is an anterpriner he share his experiences in his dialogues. We can see his whole life in this novel. And how he will become innocent to violent? That we can see in this novel. This novel   reflects the reality of India. We can also see the master slave relationship in the novel. We can see many issues in the novel like religion, caste, loyalty, corruption and poverty of India. Adiga get Nobel Prize for this novel. Themes of the novel are globalization, individualism, freedom, immorality, corruption, social class, etc. It written in seven constructive nights and addressed to the Chinese Premier, Wen Jiabao.

Realities of India

As we know that anything has its positive and negative points. If we think about any person so he/she has plus and minus points. No one is perfect as same if we think about the country India it is same. We can say many positive as well as many negative points about India. There are some statements given by various students like Vanita, Sonal and Asmita as under,

In these images they wrote about India what are the realities. And they also say that poverty in India. So let’s know it in the novel.

Realities of India in the novel ‘White Tiger’

       Balram get name from teacher here that dialogue,

‘Well, it’s up to me, then isn’t it? He passed his hand through his hair and said, ‘we’ll call you…Ram. Wait don’t we have a Ram in this class? I don’t want any confusion. It’ll be Balram.  

        It is also real incident because I have a friend and she said me that her name is also like Balram. Her true name, Kailas gets by her teacher. So we can say that here also Adiga wrote right thing about our country.

“See, the poor dream all their lives of getting enough to eat and looking like the rich. And what do the rich dream of?? Losing weight and looking like the poor.” 

We can say that it is right because everybody want be rich while rich people are managing their weight because they are fat. So we can’t deny that it is not reality of India.

“Go to Old Delhi,and look at the way they keep chickens there in the market. Hundred of pale hens and brightly colored roosters, stuffed tightly into wire-mesh cages. They see the organs of their brothers lying around them. They know they are next, yet they cannot rebel. They do not try to get out of the coop. The very same thing is done with humans in this country.” 
           

It’s really in our country we can’t escape our self because it’s in India for example poor people are aware that they live life like poor but they never try to be rich and that is reality of India. So we can say that Adiga is right in his statement.

“Me, and thousands of others in this country like me, are half-baked, because we were never allowed to complete our schooling.”

            We can see it in this photo as under,

 Indirectly Balram try to say about child labor and we can see it at many places. From those here I put one image but there are many children who unable to get education. Because they are doing some work and their family survive on his money. So, they never get time to study and if we think about girl child so they have to do work at home but never allow to study. I don’t want to say that all child but many can’t get education in our country because of these many reasons.

"See, the Muslims have one god.
"The Christians have three gods."And we Hindus have 36,000,004 divine arses to choose from.” 
           

            Here we can see in this photo that we have so many gods and goddesses.

The temple. Inside, you will find an image of a saffron coloured creature,  half man half monkey: This is Hanuman, everyone’s favourite god in Darkness.

            It is right description because here we can see the real photo of the temple of Hanuman as under,

and it’s as same as in description. I have taken this photo from the society of ‘Kaliyabid’ near our room. Address Shanti nagar society, near Parijat school. There are many dirt and wastage things near that temple. And it is a real India.

Do you know about Hanuman, sir? He was the faithful servant of the god Rama, and we worship him in our temples because he is a shining example of how to serve your masters with absolute fidelity, love, and devotion.
These are the kinds of gods they have foisted on us Mr. Jiabao. Understand, now, how hard it is for a man to win his freedom in India.” 
           

And yes, we can see it in every home photo of Rama with his servant Hanuman. As under,

We can’t say that any literature reflects complete reality of the any nation. But some realities we can see in the novel whether it is ‘White Tiger’ or any other like in Gujrati ‘Malela Jiv’ by Pannalal Patel and ‘Mela Anchal’ by Fanishvarnath Renu in Bangali. But somehow there are some realities which reflect in literature. As same in this novel also we can see some realities of India. And there are many other point also which represents the reality of India but I think these much reasons are enough to prove that Adiga try to put realities of India.

Conclusion

         So after all I would like to conclude this topic that everything has its plus and minus point. As same our India also so if we discuss or highlight minus points. So gradually we can remove it but if we are hiding those harsh realities so it never removed from our country. So writers are reform able not hiding and that is the main point. So we have to start it from our self…   

(Adiga)

Works Cited

Adiga, Arvind. White Tiger. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.