Paragraph Reading

  Paragraph - First Read the paragraph 

Hello! Goldin. I am Rajiv from America. I want to tell you something about it. It is a wonderful and pleasurable place to live a better life. We get many facilities there which makes our life easy. So I like to live there. What are you doing now? I am doing B.R.S in Lokbharati. It is very Natural place. We are living with the Nature in it. We  are doing many activities here which make us self dependant like washing clothes, cleaning rooms grounds washrooms etc. By the doing such work we learn that all the works are equal and we should respect all of them. We are celebrating many festivals on the campus like Rakshabandhan, Guru purnima, Holi, etc. In the celebration of such festivals we come nearer to each other and we learn to respect our heritage and culture. We are also doing cultural program in our institution. We also perform a drama in that program and it is collective art. There are many things collective in the drama like performance, costume maker, make up man, background setter, dialogue writer, etc. Thus, it is collective work. I like lokbharati because we are doing many such important work in it. Ok, now I have to go in the function so bye bye Rajiv...

Q-1 List out the unknown spellings and find out the meanings.

Q-2 Who is the friend of Rajiv?

Q-3 Where are you studying? Which are the specialities of your campus?

Paragraph- 2

The form of Sonnet

 Definition

Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen line poem written in iambic pentameter, employing one of several rhythm schemes, and adhering to a tightly structured thematic organization. The name is taken from the Italian sonetto, which means "a little sound or song". Petrarch is the father of the sonnet. 

Characteristics

• Fourteen lines: All sonnets have 14 lines, which can be broken down into four sections called quatrains.
• A strict rhyme scheme: The rhyme scheme of a Shakespearean sonnet, for example, is ABAB / CDCD / EFEF / GG (note the four distinct sections in the rhyme scheme).
• Written in iambic pentameter: Sonnets are written in iambic pentameter, a poetic meter with 10 beats per line made up of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables.

• A sonnet can be broken into four sections called quatrains. The first three quatrains contain four lines each and use an alternating rhyme scheme. The final quatrain consists of just two lines, which both rhyme. Each quatrain should progress the poem as follows:
1. First quatrain: This should establish the subject of the sonnet. Number of lines: four; rhyme scheme: ABAB
2. Second quatrain: This should develop the sonnet’s theme. Number of lines: four; rhyme scheme: CDCD
3. Third quatrain: This should round off the sonnet’s theme. Number of lines: four; rhyme scheme: EFEF
4. Fourth quatrain: This should act as a conclusion to the sonnet. Number of lines: two; rhyme scheme: GG

• What Is a Petrarchan sonnet?

  The Petrarchan Sonnet is named after the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch, a lyrical poet of fourteenth-century Italy. Petrarch did not invent the poetic form that bears his name. Rather, the commonly credited originator of the sonnet is Giacomo da Lentini, who composed poetry in the literary Sicilian dialect in the thirteenth century. They have 14 lines, divided into 2 subgroups: an octave and a sestet. The octave follows a rhyme scheme of ABBA ABBA. The sestet follows one of two rhyme schemes—either CDE CDE scheme (more common) or CDC CDC.

What Is a Shakespearean sonnet?

A Shakespearean sonnet is a variation on the Italian sonnet tradition. The form evolved in England during and around the time of the Elizabethan era. These sonnets are sometimes referred to as Elizabethan sonnets or English sonnets. They have 14 lines divided into 4 subgroups: 3 quatrains and a couplet. Each line is typically ten syllables, phrased in iambic pentameter. A Shakespearean sonnet employs the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. Learn more about Shakespearean sonnets here.

What Is a Spenserian sonnet?

A Spenserian sonnet is a variation on the Shakespearean sonnet, with a more challenging rhyme scheme: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.

What Is a Miltonic sonnet?

“Miltonic” sonnets are an evolution of the Shakespearean sonnet. They often examined an internal struggle or conflict rather than themes of the material world, and sometimes they would stretch beyond traditional limits on rhyme or length.

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The form of Short story

 

Concept and definition of short story

an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot

short story, brief fictional prose narrative that is shorter than a novel and that usually deals with only a few characters.

The short story is usually concerned with a single effect conveyed in only one or a few significant episodes or scenes. The form encourages economy of setting, concise narrative, and the omission of a complex plot; character is disclosed in action and dramatic encounter but is seldom fully developed. Despite its relatively limited scope, though, a short story is often judged by its ability to provide a “complete” or satisfying treatment of its characters and subject.

Before the 19th century the short story was not generally regarded as a distinct literary form. But although in this sense it may seem to be a uniquely modern genre, the fact is that short prose fiction is nearly as old as language itself. Throughout history humankind has enjoyed various types of brief narratives: jests, anecdotes, studied digressions, short allegorical romances, moralizing fairy tales, short myths, and abbreviated historical legends. None of these constitutes a short story as it has been defined since the 19th century, but they do make up a large part of the milieu from which the modern short story emerged.

Example of Short story - The last leaf

Elements of Short story 

1. Characters

In short stories, the number of characters are usually limited. They’ll have a main character or protagonist, whom you’ll meet at a crucial stage in his or her life. You may only know a couple of his or her qualities. The other people who appear in the story are generally the minor characters.

2. Narrator

You must not confuse the narrator here with the author. In a short story, a narrator is the voice that tells the story. Narrators in short stories are purely fictional.

3. Setting

Because of the limited length of short stories, it is rather unusual to have many settings in them. A setting is the time and place where the events in the story take place. As a short story covers a shorter time span, its setting can be directly stated or implied.

4. Events

Events are the facts in the story that form the storyline and drive the action forward. The way the narrator arranges and presents the events is described as the plot. Mostly, the short stories have one main plot without the presence of any sub-plots. There’s no room for sub-plots in a short story.

5. Closure

A closure is the ending of the narrative. If it solves the problem or issue in the story, it closes the ending. If the situations are left unresolved, the ending is considered open. In this case, the short story ends with the climax.