The starting of Indian Modernity

Written by: Dipti Vaghela  D

Topic : The starting of Indian Modernity

Paper : 4^th

Roll no : 09

Submitted To: Department of English

                           Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

                           Bhavnagar University

The starting of Indian Modernity

 Preface:

        Our India is a beautiful country. It has great heritage regarding the Sanskrit Literature. It was rich country and there were some poems also written on it. Before some years Indian people believe in ‘satipratha’ and ‘dudhpiti’etc. But after passing some time, some people break those beliefs. Some people were not accepting those rules and they awakened and believe in manhood. So that period known as ‘Indian modernity’.

~The starting of Indian Modernity:

        The idea of modernized India first came in the state of Bengal in nineteenth century. Henry Derozio analyzes the paper and to creating an enlightened group called Young Bengal who inculcated enlightened habit of mind, ranging from critical inquiry to free thinking atheism and brought in western modernity to Bengal. Derozio’s metrical poem ‘The Fakeer of Jungheera’ and his prose writings reveals his concept of aesthetics and ideas of a syncretistic, democratic culture within early colonialism.  He wants to change widow burning and introduction of widow remarriage.

        Not only Derozio’s follower used his ideas of modernity, but also other Indian liberals, reformers and revivalists, such as Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekanand and Bankim Chandra Chatopadhyay profited by them. Derozio also enjoys the dubious reputation of being the initiator of the Bengal Renaissance and reformer of a conservative Hindu Society. Writing in English before the advent of the British Raj, and before the establishment of formal English education in India, his virtues are extolled and his shortcoming forgiven. Derozio was the first Indian English poet. His satirical verse and the long narrative poem ‘The Fakeer of Jungheera’ clearly indicate his special affinity with Byron. That poem is an extremely competent narrative of the tragic life of Nuleeni, a high caste Hindu widow, rescued from the funeral pyre by a young robber chief, whose love she returns. In the ensuing battle, the love is killed and is finally united in death with the heart broken Nuleeni. Derozio’s influence on the social and intellectual life of Bengal had its own vicissitudes. Generally as we know that Indian women follow all the rules which told by her husband and society. But in the poem ‘The Fakeer of Jungheera’, Nuleeni does not follow those rules. She does as she want in her life. She not become ‘Sati’ because she does not follow the rules which given by society. Nuleeni’s character posses a chief ship for the women of before modernity. Derozio want to change this type of rued belief which laying in the country of India. And that’s why he drew this type of character, who is feel free to live her life because as we know that, freedom is more important than any other thing. We know very well that any bird don’t like to live in the cage or in the any bounding place but it like to fly in the sky as it’s wish.

        Derozio is also a pioneer in the use of Indian myth, legend, imagery and diction. After his death, even Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar  who claimed to be a rationalist did not have the courage to include a fellow rationalist and free thinker like Derozio in his ‘jivan charitra’, a collection of biographies published by him in 1849.

        There was no Indian literature in English before the advent of formal English education in India. Percival Spear, Sisir Kumar Das, Alphonson Karkala and Vinay Dharwadker are some of the few who have paid attention to this lapse. In 1835 Thomas Macaulay convinced the British government to “retain the Sanskrit college at Benares and the Mahometan college at Delhi” and divert all remaining funds for education to “the Hindu college at Calcutta.

        In the starting of Indian Modernity, development of education of also possible or very well. That’s why gradually our India became well educated. One line related it as under,

        “Education is the third eye of the person”

        Now people of India also start to notable the education and also get to develop.

        Many European communities had settled in Calcutta and had opened English academies and school to provide informal education to Europeans, Eurasians and Indians. Many of the graduates from academies went on to write argumentative pieces in newspaper or published their own creative oeuvres like Derozio.

        In the second half of the nineteenth century literary activity by Indian writers in the language of English began to recognize. Perhaps this is one reason why most literary historians writers like Din Muhammad, Henry Derozio, and C.V.Boriah from Indian  literary history of late eighteenth century. In a highly perceptive but critical work on Indian writing in English published in 1969.

        Devid Mecutchion writer did not like Din Muhammud or Derozio. He expressed surprise that Anglo-Indians created a ‘truly English speaking milieu in India’ but did not produce any literature worth the name. Mecutchion dated Indian writing in English with Kasiprasad Ghos’s  ‘Shair and other Poems’ and Michael Dutt’s ‘the Captive ladies’ and not with Shaykh Din Muhammad’s ‘the Travels of Dean Mahomer’ or Derozio’s ‘Jungheera’.

        In the next century bilingual culture would created by the great writer like Salman Rushdie and the Stephanian School. Then Muslim and Christian beginnings of Indian writing in English from undivided Bengal.

        New ideas came in Bengal first time from western ideas and then gradually it spread in whole India. The foundation of Bengal Renaissance in Calcutta, a city dominated by caste and religion. Calcutta also an important city in number of things. I was a growing centre of trade, it was also known as great intellectual centre because English academies and school also opened in Calcutta. Thus it is an important city.

In that time Derozio was also aware of the Greek literature. On the mind of young Bengal grace was there.  In the Hindu college at Calcutta, the young Eurasian poet and democrat Henry Derozio wrote on the heroic struggle of the Greek through the ages and the equal greatness of ancient India. It means students of that time interested in Greek ideas and literature as same other country also get inspiration from the story and literature of Greek.

~ Conclusion :

        Thus, by the work of Derozio Indian modernity born. In this poem people find the new ideas regarding our society and all the people started to learn English and read those new ideas. There was a rule regarding the Indian women in society. That widow could not live life but she must become ‘Sati’ behind her husband. That rule only for women not for men.

        As we know that British people only ruled over us but with that rule some good change also possible in our India like ‘Satipratha’, ‘Dudhpiti’. To removed those things Raja Ram Mohan Roy gave his time and contribution. Thus Indian modernity started.

Literary terms

Name : Dipti Vaghela

Roll no. : 09

Paper no. : 3^rd

Topic : Literary terms

                  

 Preface :

                   As we know that we communicate with each other by the help of language. We get pleasure from many way but literature is the best way to get different type of pleasure. If we want to get pleasure and morality so we must understand literature. If we want to study any literary book so we must learn and understand literary terms. There are so many literary terms like aestheticism, antihero, parody, mock-heroic, comedy, plot, melody, chorus, character, tragedy. So let’s know any five among these all.

~ Plot : 

 Plot means arrangement of incidents. Plot is a summary of a story and composed of causal events which means a series of sentences linked by ‘and’, ‘so’. For instance, ‘ the princess runs after the Queen, so finds the Queen’ is a plot. Plot arouses expectation in the audience and reader about the future course of events and action. The part of concerned read about what is going to happened, especially to characters with whom the reader has established a bound of sympathy , is known as surprise. The inter play of suspense and surprise are prime source in a traditional plot.  E.M. Forster said the shock of the unexpected , “ followed by the feelings, ‘ oh, that’s all right’ is a sign that all is well with the plot.’’ Generally there are two type of plots as under,

1)    Simple plot : Simple plots are made up of a series of episodes; they can be coherent and logical. It is the events that make up a story or coincidence. Thus simple plot  includes a reversal of the dramatic situation and recognition.

2)    Complex plot : Complex plot unfold through an internal logic and causality; they are not simple strings of episodes. A complicated plot is called an “ imbroglio” but even the simplest statements of plot may include multiple inferences.

                              Thus, a plot is commonly said to have “unity of action.” According to Aristotle put this concept, all the parts are “so closely connected that the transposal or withdrawal of any one of them will disjoint and dislocate the whole.” In his ‘Poetics’, he considered plot the most important than character. In a beginning, a middle, and an end, and the events of the plot must causally relate to one another

.

~ Character : 

The character is the name of a literary genre; it is a short and usually witty, sketch in prose of a distinctive type of person. In the second century BC, a Greek author Theophrastus wrote a lively book ‘ Characters’. A character is a person in a narrative work of arts. It derived from the Greek “Kharacter”. In literature, charaters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. Since the end of the 18^th century, the phrase “in character” has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor. Since the 19^th century the art of creating characters, as practiced by actor or writers, has been called characterisation.

                              Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work , who are interpreted by the reader as possessing particular moral, intellectual and emotional qualities by inference from what the person say and their ways of saying dialogues and action. E.M. Forster, in ‘ Aspects of the Novel, introduced new terms for an old distinction by discriminating between flat and round characters.

1)    Flat character : Flat character have one personality. It reveals only one character, simple personality. Flat characters are minor character in a work of fiction who does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. In story it support round character. Forster says, is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much individualising detail, and therefore can be described adequately in a single phrase or sentence

.

2)    Round character : Round character have many personality. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity ; such a character therefore is a difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life and like real person, is capable of surprising us.

Thus these both the characters are apposite with each other. Flat has a personality and round has multiple personality.

~ Song/ Melody : 

“Melos” is Greek word for song. A melody is tune, voice, or line, is a liner succession of musical tones that the listener perceives as a single entity. A melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm it can include other element such as tonal colour. It consist of one or more musical phrases or motifs. It may also be describe by their melodic motion or the pitches or the intervals between pitches, pitch range, tension release, continuity and coherence, cadence, and shape. According to Johann Philipp Kirnberger, “ The true goal of music – its proper enterprise is melody. All the parts of harmony have as their ultimate purpose only beautiful melody. Therefore the question of which is the more significant, melody or harmony, is futile. Beyond doubj, the means is subordinate to the end”.

                              Melody is most European music written before the 20^th century, and popular music throughout the end of 20^th century. Indian classical music relies heavily on melody and rhythm not so much harmony. Thus, by the help of this word “melody” melodrama originated.

~ Chorus : Among the ancient Greek the chorus was a group of people, wearing masks, who sang a song regarding religious festivals. A similar chorus played a part in Greek tragedies where they served mainly as commentator on the dramatic action and events who expressed traditional moral, religious and social attitudes. It beginning with Euripides, the chorus assumed primarily a lyrical function. The Greek ode, as developed by Pindar, was also chanted by a chorus. In Nietzsche’s view, actors were introduced to the enact the event that had originally and the chorus was reduced to the role of commentator.

                              Roman playwrights, Seneca took over the chorus from the Greek, and in the mid-sixteenth century some English dramatists imitated Senecan chorus. In Elizabethan era the term “chorus” was applied also to a single person who, in some plays, spoke the prologue and epilogue and sometimes introduced each act as well.

                              Thus the term chorus used for a group of people, they sing a song in the play.

~ Tragedy : 

In literature there are some form of writing like novel, poetry, epic, drama, etc. And in the form of drama , there are main two types, comedy and tragedy. So let’s know the term of tragedy in detail.

                              Tragedy based on human suffering. It originated in the theatre of ancient Greek 2500 years ago.  Some of Greek dramatists were popular such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. Aristotle defined tragedy as “ the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself,” in the medium of poetic language and in the manner of dramatic rather than of narrative presentation, involving “ incidents arousing  pity and fear, where with to accomplish the catharsis of such emotions.”

                              Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’ is closely connected with Aristotle’s basic concept of the tragic hero and plot. The hero of Macbeth is not a good man who commits a tragic error. Then the form of Tragicomedy developed.

~ Conclusion : 

Thus by the understanding of these literary terms, we can easily understand the literature. We can also develop our knowledge by this type of terms. I think that if we study literature so we must know about those terms.       

                                

  

Characteristics of Shakespearean tragedy in ‘Hamlet’

Characteristics of  Shakespearean tragedy in   ‘Hamlet’

Written by            : Dipti Vaghela  D

Enrollment No    :  14101030

Paper                      : 01

Sem                          : 01

Submitted To       : Department Of  English

                                      Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji

                                      Bhavnagar University

Preface: 

            We Know very  well that every nation has its own history as same the country of England also has its own history. We can find number of ages in the history of England for ex, the age of Chaucer, the age of Elizabeth, the age of Milton, the age of pope , etc . but the Elizabethan age is greater one and that’s why it known as “ The Golden Era”

            There were number of writers became so popular like , Marlowe, Thomas kyd, Thomas Lodge, John Lyly, Shakespeare was born on the 23 April, 1564, at Stratford-on-Avon. Shakespeare married with the Anne Hathaway when he was 19 years old , he had three children .he left his native town to seek his fortune in london.  At that time the drama was so popular through the work of the university wits. Shakespeare soon turned to the stage, an became first an actor and then playwright.

             So let’s know Shakespeare as a Dramatist.   

Shakespeare  as a Dramatist:

He  was a great Writer of  the age of Elizabeth. His works divided into two parts, Prose and verse.

            In his verse he wrote 154 Sonnets while in prose he wrote 37 plays. His plays divided into three types tragedy, Comedy and Historical . He wrote four great tragedy. We can also find Greek  tragedy before Shakespearean tragedy but he  wrote different types of tragedy and that’s why his tragedy  known as Shakespearean  Tragedy  . So let’s  know  different things between both the tragedy.

Greek Tragedy and Shakespearean Tragedy:

            Greek  Tragedy performed as  part of a religious so the stories were already known  to the audience like a church Christmas play. Shakespearean tragedy performed for the entertainment so the stories were usually new and element of suspense  present. In Greek tragedy some parts were not perform on the stage like murders, fight but they tell the audience that what happened .In Shakespearean  tragedy all things performed on the stage like death , fight, etc.

            In Greek tragedy , logic over rules emotions while in Shakespearean tragedy emotions over rules logic. In Greek Tragedy Chorus present  on the stage as a commentators while in Shakespearean  tragedy chorus only introduce the scene or the play .In Greek Tragedy we can find Simple plot while in Shakespearean tragedy Complex plot and Some time subplot also like “ King Lear”.

Shakespearean Tragedy

             Shakespeare  gave us a beautiful form of tragedy . He wrote tragedy with his own  conception of tragedy . Tragedy means play which tells suffering of hero or heroine’s . we can see tragic end and also most powerful  of death and suffering. Shakespearean  tragedy is more popular because  it touches humans heart, mind and soul . his tragedy in the struggle of good and evil. He gifted great tragedies to the English literature such as “Othello” , “ Hamlet”, “ King Lear” , “ Macbeth” . “ Hamlet”  is a greatest work of Shakespeare.

            So let’s know it in detail.

Hamlet –A  Revenge Play

            ‘Hamlet’ is a play concerned with son’s revenge for the murder of his father. It is story regarding murder, sudden violence. There   are five acts in the play, climax in third act.  Prince Hamlet is a main character of this play, he is like a puzzle. There are some major characters like Claudius, King Hamlet, Polonius, etc. there are two female characters like Gertrude and Ophelia. Themes of this play are the impossibility of certainty, The Complexity of action, The Mystery of death, the nation as a diseased body. 

           

In this play we can also find the culture of Elizabeth era .In several ways the play is puzzling, and disquieting, as is none of the others.  Of all the play it is the longest and is possibly the one on which Shakespeare spent most pain; and yet he has left in it superfluous and inconsistent scenes  which even hasty revision should have noticed .

So let’s know the characteristic of Shakespearean tragedy in play Hamlet .

Characteristics of Shakespearean Tragedy in ‘ Hamlet’

The Conflict of Good and Evil:

As  we  know  good and evil are always in contrast or centered upon the individual. Goodness always originates from god and is connected to him, while evil originates from the opposite being, Satan. The road of goodness is connected to heaven while the evil road is connected to hell. Some people who do evil things often end up in jail and unhappy . this is the general belief of people so we can also find it in the play of ‘Hamlet’.

We can see that this thing apply in the play of ‘ Hamlet ’ . There are many character in this play Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Leartes, Ophelia, Horatio , but all the character commit some wrong or evil thing but horatio can’t do any evil thing and that’s why he  is not die at the end of the play.

True  to Life

            As  we know that  anyone born on the earth  so they must die , it is true to life. In Shakespearean tragedy  we can see this characteristic true to life. We know very well that everything are incomplete regarding us . NO one is perfect and perhaps that’s why every one die, In his tragedy main character or protagonist who stand in hight and anytime he fall down, so that is true to life.

In Hamlet we can see that when prince Hamlet  try to kill his uncle but at that time he pray to God and at that moment Hamlet think that if he kill him at that time so he will go in the heaven. He think this type of thing because he is a student of philosophy so it is  true to life .In the end of the play he died because he also committed  some evil thing so it is true to life.

The Tragic Hero :

In Shakespearean tragedy the tragic heroes are all conspicuous who, stand in a high degree . They all are either king, prince or great  military generals indispensable for the state. In Shakespearean tragedy the main protagonist or hero either king, or prince or great person yet he suffer a lot and fall down at the end of the play.

            In ‘ Hamlet ’ the main protagonist  is the student of philosophy . he know all the things, but after murder of his father he try to kill his father who is the murderer of king Hamlet. From this idea his personality fall down from the height of earthly greatness to the dust .

            Thus , tragic hero is a important characteristic   of the tragedy . so let’s know one other characteristic ‘ the tragic flaw’.

The Tragic Flaw

            The Tragic hero is not only a person of high degree, he has an exceptional nature. All heroes are driven in some one direction by some peculiar interest,  object, passion or habit of mind. The tragic hero falls from greatness owing to his fault or flaw in his character. His character issues in action or action issues out of his character. In Shakespearean tragedy the character is destiny in each of his tragedies the hero is presented in the grip of some total flaw in leads him to his total doom.

            In ‘ Hamlet we can see that the main character Hamlet can’t take decision quickly. His poses vacillating nature ,when his uncle pray to god at that time he has chance to kill him and he think that his uncle go into the heaven if he kill him at that  time.  If  Hamlet  kill  his uncle  at  that  time  so tragedy  not  possible, but this is the  main point  that he meets tragedy because his  weakness  of delay  and this  is a   tragic flaw in him.

            Thus, tragic flaw  is important  characteristic  in all  types of tragedy . so know other characteristics.

The Tragic Waste

            The tragic  hero has particular  flaw   spells his doom but otherwise he is genius , great warrior, an exceptionally honest and virtuous person . Shakespearean tragedy  leaves behind  a very strong impression of waste . In  tragedy  the evil does not triumph  closely; it is expelled but at the cost of much that good and wholly admirable.

            In the play ‘ Hamlet ’ we can see that the fight of between Prince Hamlet and Claudius two other characters died,  Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . not only these two character died  but there are some other characters  who  also  died  that is tragic waste.

Character and Destiny

            Shakespearean  Tragedy is Concerned with  the fate of person of “ high degree” like kings or princes . he does not concentrate  on the lives of ordinary person not does he recall  the suffering  of  the layman .

            In the medieval conception of the tragedy , fate played an important role he believed  in the principle., “Character and Destiny ”

Three Complicating  Factors

            Some abnormal condition of mind :

            Shakespeare represent the abnormal condition of mind  in his all tragedies. He creates that types of situation in which character can’t  take an decision  properly.

            In the play we  find abnormal  condition of mind , when  he try to kill his uncle but at that time  he pray to god and that time he can’t take decision  in his mind.

The Supernatural,  ghost  and   witches:

            Shakespeare  use supernatural agents such as ghost in his tragedies . and always he use  supernatural  agents which  are  placed in closest relation

            In the play ‘ Hamlet’ ghost mould the  character of the hero to some extent and prepare  him for his tragedy.

The Role of Chance:

            We can find in role of chance in  Shakespearean  tragedies. Chance  or accident  plays  it’s  own vital role. Several chance incidents happen in Shakespearean tragedies  which instead of averting  the tragedies .

The Conflict and  struggle

            There is always a  conflict  and  struggle  in Shakespearean tragedy. The conflict take two  forms. Firstly , there is the hero with the external  circumstances ; and secondly, the conflict is within the soul of the  hero or the  heroine.

“ In tragic life, God wot

No villains need be, passions  spin the plot”

Catharsis

            Catharsis  means purification , our body and soul feel relaxes after  it catharsis   . In ‘ Hamlet’  many time we feel catharsis. At the end of the play feel pity to Prince Hamlet and  his friend.

The Melodramatic  Element

            Melodramatic element, it related  with melodrama. in  melodrama  we  can find royal  characters , blood-shad, or killing  of people . but we can’t find nobility in the characters that’s why we can’t pity for that characters.

No Poetic  Justice

            Poetic justice means, at the end of the play evil  people died and good people live that is poetic justice in our mind. Our Indian  plays are  always  happy ending but in Shakespearean tragedies we can’t  find poetic justice at the end .

Serenity at the end

             We can find Serenity it means  every characters die and that’s why there is only peace or calm . in his all tragedies , number of characters died with protagonist and they leave only serenity.

To Wind Up…

            So these  are characteristics of  Shakespearean  tragedies. It teach us good thing by  tragedy. We can see all the  characters  are present  true to life . as we know that no one is perfect , everything is imperfect .  everyone has their  own minus points and plus point so  the characters of  Shakespearean  tragedy present it , and it is the reality of life.

           

Topic: Robinson Crusoe as a Nature man

Paper: 2^nd

Roll no: 09

Prepared by: Dipti Vaghel

~ Preface

          The form of novel start from the written fiction or adventure. Daniel Defoe was a writer who wrote adventure and then it consider as a novel. He born in1659 at London, he was merchant, writer and journalist. His mother died when he was 10 years old. He married with Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a London merchant. He had eight children. He also write pamphlet and one of his work ‘pamphleteering and prison’. He wrote number of novels during his life as under,

          ~ Robinson Crusoe (1719)

          ~ The Father Adventure of Robinson Crusoe (1719)

          ~ Serious reflection during the life and surprising                                        adventure of Robinson Crusoe (1720)

          ~ Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)

          ~ Captain Singleton (1720)

          ~ A journal of the Plague Year (1722)

          ~Colonel Jack (1722)

          ~ Moll Flanders (1722)

          ~ Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724)

         

          He also wrote three volumes travel book, ‘A Tour Thro’. He becomes so famous because of his novel ‘Robinson Crusoe’. So let’s know about it.

~ Novel Robinson Crusoe

          He wrote it in 1719. It is a tell of a man’s shipwreck on a deserted island and his subsequent adventures. The author based part of his narrative on the story of the Scottish caste way Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe. The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, who spends years on a remote tropical island.

          Thus, in this novel Robinson Crusoe Passed number of years on that island. During those years he lives with Nature or adjusts with Nature. He made number of things from the Nature. He made umbrella from goatskins, house from trees. He made all those things by himself so we can say that he is self-dependable person. So let’s know the character of Robinson Crusoe as a Nature man in detail. Because he got great experience from the Mother Nature. How to live in Mother Nature?

~ Robinson Crusoe as a Nature man

          As we know that Robinson Crusoe lost his self in the island because during his sea-voyage his ship broken. When he was on island, there was no other land in sight. On that shore he makes a small tent with the sail and some poles. When it was finished he brought into it everything that he knew would be spoiled by either the rain or the sun. The empty boxes he arranged in a circle round the tent, and he made a bed upon the floor. He was tried after completed his work so he was soon asleep. He had taken everything from the broken ship which was of value to him. He must remembered four points in his mind for choosing to his home. First of all, he needed to find a place which would be healthy and near to some fresh water. Secondly, there ought to be protection from the heat of the sun. Thirdly, he must be safe from attacks either by savages or by wild animals. And last one; he must have a view of the sea so that if any ship should chance to come near to the island, he would not miss it.

          Thus, first of all he prepared a small home, which comfortable for him to live his life on that island. And that place was suitable in which he live. But after prepared his tent he also thought that perhaps any animal can injured him so he made fence. It was so strong that neither man nor animal could get over it or through it. He bought inside all his food and stores.

          Always he goes to outside with his gun and after some days he discovered that there were goats upon that island. They were very shy and ran swiftly, so that they were difficult to shoot. He observed that they did not run away so quickly. After some planed the first goat that he shot was a she goat who had a little kid by her side. He carried the little goat home on his shoulders and tried to tame it. But unfortunately  it would not eat any of the food that in offered it and so he killed it. They provided him with fresh meat for some days.

          He made calendar on large cross of wood for count of time. He rescued two cats and a dog from the ship. Those were his companions in his lonely life. He set his self to make a chair and a table. On their voyage they had carried a few hens and that little bag had held the corn for them to eat. Most of the corn eaten by rats but some remained in the bottom. This was just before the rainy season began. After a month he noticed some green shoots coming through the ground.

          After some times those shoots had now become stalks of barley. When the grain ripened later on he saved it carefully and planned to plant it the following years. He did the same with some rice that he found and together with the barley he was able to make some bread and some rice cakes. Then gradually he begins to explore his island. First of all he went up the river where he had first brought his raft on shore. Two miles upstream, the river became much smaller and the water was cool and clear. He found various sorts of fruits were growing like melons and grapes. Some of these he ate and some especially the grapes, he saved to eat later on. Some of the grapes he dried in the sun, so that he would have raising to eat when there was no fresh fruit about.

          Then he found a place almost like a garden which had been specially planted with fruits and flowers. He liked the place so much that he often returned there was during the month of July. He thought of living there permanently but that place was so far from the shore. So he decided to build small shelter so that he could come to stay whenever he liked. Then he returned to his first home. There were he found all the things as it was. Then by the help of some branches he weaves baskets. He wanted to see what the other side of the island looked like. So he took his gun, an axe and the dog, and a quantity of food and set off.

          He found a new place there were number of turtles on the beach. He was looking forward to a good crop of barley and rice after the rainy season. He had first to deal with two types of enemy, first a number of long legged creatures and flock of birds. He made a fence which surrounded the crops and at night he tied his dog to it. And for flock of birds he fired his gun so they went away. He was able to harvest his crop and gathered in two sacks of rice and two and a half sacks of barley.

          He made pots and jars in which he store food and water. Then he also made two large jars. They were out of shape and very ugly but he was able to use them for storing grain. So he made himself as a potter. One day he made a large fire that he could cook some goats’ meat. He also noticed a broken piece of pottery lying in the fire. It has burned as hard as a stone and was as red as a brick. This made him think how he could arrange his fire so that it would bake whole pots. From that observation he tried to make some pots he arranged his fire all around them. He kept putting more and more wood on the fire until he saw that the pots were red-hot. He kept them in that heat for five hours and then slowly he fire die down. He watched the pots all night so that the pots were red-hot. He kept them in that heat for five hours and then slowly he fire die down. He watched the pots all night so that the fire should not die away too quickly. In the morning he found that he had made some very good if not beautiful cooking pots. He was so pleased with his work that  he could hardly wait until the pots were cold before testing them. He wanted to be able to make bread from those grains.

          He face another problem was to separate the husks from the flour. But for situation of that problem he found some muslin clothes. Then he had to design an oven. Thus, he could make not only bread but pastry also.

          He had a number of goatskins taken from the animals he had shot. Those he had stretched out and allowed to dry in the sun. The first thing that he made hat, waistcoat and a pair of trousers for his self. He spent a great deal of time and effort in making an umbrella. He could go out with umbrella not only when it was raining but also in the hottest weather.

          One day he was walking on the seashore, he made a very strange discovery. He was alarmed to see the foot print in the sand. Thus he found Friday. He taught Friday how to grind the corn and bake the bread and most important that is language.

~ Conclusion

          Thus in this novel Robinson Crusoe is the main character. This novel known as sea novel because we find description related with sea voyage. We observed that Robinson Crusoe lived on the island and during that gurney he closer with Nature. He did everything by himself because he had no other way.

          He made his house on that island, developed farm, food to eat, clothes,umberella, ets.Thus he live on that island as a Nature man.